In a more recent outcome study in 1150 patients with TBI, RBC transfusions were found to be associated with a two-fold increased mortality and a three-fold increased complication rate [ 138].
The notion that insulin itself is cardiotoxic or vasculotoxic, however, is inconsistent with more recent clinical outcomes, especially those observed in long-term follow-up of studies such as the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS).
However, the more recent COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) trial found similar CV event rates between patients treated with optimal medical therapy alone and those treated with optimal medical therapy plus percutaneous revascularization.
While early studies focused on the association between higher hospital volume and improved patient outcomes, more recent studies have shown that the association between physician volume and patient outcomes is as strong if not stronger than the hospital volume effect.
While earlier studies found an association between AP participation and college outcomes, more recent scholarly reports generally find no association between merely taking an AP class and college grades or persistence.
More recent data suggest improving outcomes among HIV-infected patients with lung cancer, although survival appears to still be worse than in patients without HIV infection (Hakimian et al, 2007; Suneja et al, 2013).
More recent reports show improved outcomes after CABG in the elderly despite the increased severity of coronary artery disease and increased frequency of comorbid medical conditions in this population.
Despite evidence from a large randomized controlled trial suggesting that tolerating a lower hemoglobin among critically ill patients results in unimpaired outcomes, more recent observational data indicate that adherence to this recommendation is poor across the board, and is worst among patients requiring MV [ 3, 5, 6].
A more recent report detailed the outcomes of a clinical cohort of 26 children with CP, GMFCS V with spasticity and pain in the hip region who had injections of BoNT-A (n = 17 had Dysport®, n = 9 had Botox®) to improve comfort [ 21].
In opposition to these data, the more recent, prospective randomized Functional Outcomes in Cardiovascular Patients Undergoing Surgical Hip Fracture Repair (FOCUS) trial demonstrated that a liberal transfusion strategy offered no overall benefit in terms of reducing mortality or the ability to ambulate without assistance 60 days following surgery [ 7].
