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These allele-frequency-derived, ethnically-conserved frameworks were likely the ancestral haplotype backgrounds upon which more recent mutations have been superimposed.
Designed to assess neutrality, these tests assume that more recent mutations occur near the tips of branches, while older substitutions are internal, and recent mutations confer a selective advantage, and therefore will increase in frequency rapidly under selection.
Given the conservation of the haplotype frameworks defined by fmSNPs across other out-of-Africa populations [9], these frameworks are likely haplotype backgrounds upon which more recent mutations having lower allele frequencies have been superimposed.
The second result can be explained by considering again that lower disease variant frequencies usually mean more recent mutations.
Rare haplotypes represent more recent mutations and are more likely to be related to common haplotypes than to other rare variants [ 39].
The amyloid forming Amyloid-β domains may have been present in early deuterostomes, but more recent mutations appear to have resulted in potentially unrelated amyoid forming sequences.
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It is worth noting that, based on the network reconstruction, the three key mutations determining the slow acetylator haplotypes (T341C, G590A and G857A) tend to be more recent than mutations that do not modify the acetylator status.
The more recent 199T>C mutation [14] was identified in a significant number of children since implementation of NBS and is considered to induce a much milder MCADD variant [14].
More recent point-mutation assays offer substantial improvements in sensitivity [12], [13], [14] and, previously, we had shown that real-time PCR assays can be both highly specific and sensitive with subtype C viruses from SD-NVP-experienced women [3].
The lack of association of these variants with CD in the Japanese population suggests that they may have population-specific effects on the pathogenesis, or that more recent, un-described mutations may be responsible for the association in European populations.
In a more recent study, KRAS mutations were identified in 29% of endometriosis-associated endometrioid cancers but in only 3% of tumors in which endometriosis was not identified, supporting the hypothesis that KRAS mutations have an important role only in EAOCs [ 71].
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