The German spoken in the Trentino Alto Adige dates back to Bavarian occupation in the 5th century, whereas that spoken in the provinces of Verona and Vicenza dates from a more recent colonization in the 12th century.
Despite their much more recent colonization and common ancestry, the new endemics, in contrast, have significantly more variation in both nipple number and litter size, which vary even within species.
Nevertheless, much shallower Pacific/northern Gulf control region divergences are reported for other fish taxa [0.6 2.3%, 64] with disjunct distributions, suggesting that more recent colonization events of the northern Gulf have also occurred.
The seven species of native Australian Rattus (new endemics) are part of a second radiation of 25 species of Sahulian Rattus that resulted from a second, more recent colonization of Sahul [12].
They called this scenario the "three-stage" colonization model for the peopling of the Americas, even though several of the more recent colonization models could likewise be described as having "three stages": a first stage from Asia into Beringia, a second stage of isolation in Beringia and a third stage with an expansion out of Beringia into the Americas [9], [10], [12] [14], [15].
Support for a more recent colonization of Mesoamerica by primary freshwater fish through the Panama Strait comes from phylogeographical studies of Characids (e.g., Brycon, Bryconamericus, Eretmobrycon, and Cyphocharax).
The more recent human colonization date and the higher proportion of ornamentals probably accounts for the lower percentages of naturalization on San Cristobal and Santa Cruz.
The two species in our analyses that occur in Colombia and Panama (B. biseriata and B. medemi) have clear South American origins but the specimens are from Central America and likely represent a more recent secondary colonization of Central America.
This pattern is also supported by the fact that southern crater lakes share some central haplotypes with the great lakes, suggesting a more recent divergence or several colonization events.
Based on this, the authors argue the VEP cavefish more likely evolved from a recent colonization, rather than from an ancient cave population that subsequently hybridized with surface-dwelling forms.
Finally, the bacteria show the traces of more recent migrations, such as European colonization and the African slave trade.
