We need more serious, more rapid and more systemic reforms than the episodic and occasionally ones we are currently experiencing.
The nasal route presents an enormous opportunity to exploit the highly vascularized respiratory airway for systemic drug delivery to provide more rapid onset of therapy and reduced drug degradation compared with conventional oral routes.
In this line of thinking, those severe insults resulted in dysfunction of cerebral and systemic thermoregulation and thus a more rapid cooling.
Based on those ME7 studies we have since shown that either acute or chronic systemic inflammation is associated with more rapid cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients (Holmes et al., 2003, 2009).
Thus systemic inflammatory events can accelerate neurodegenerative disease and we have recently shown that AD patients who suffer systemic inflammatory events, including infections, show more rapid progression of cognitive decline (Holmes et al., 2003, 2009).
More focused efforts on specific issues (e.g. drug registration, national formulary inclusion, or public sector generic substitution policies) can result in more rapid changes but may not result in the deeper systemic shifts necessary to improve overall system performance.
Clinicians treating patients with PHN may consider a trial of lidocaine 5%% patch monotherapy before resorting to a systemic therapy, or alternatively, may consider administering the lidocaine 5%% patch in combination with a tricyclic antidepressant or a gabapentinoid to provide more rapid analgesic response and lower the dose requirement of systemic therapies.
On the other hand, having traits responding independently to systemic hormone or external input can allow more rapid evolution of new arrangements of traits (evolutionary potential hypothesis [ 46]).
Systemic administration of αGC-OMLs led to more rapid and continuous IFN- γ release in sera, compared to αGC-BLs or soluble αGC, and also resulted in a more dramatic expansion of iNKT cells in peripheral blood, compared with αGC-BLs or soluble αGC [ 60].
