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Europe may be home to much more rapid diversification of species than we thought, says Soltis.
Of note, clone Ozaenae (6 STs) is more heterogeneous than clone Rhinoscleromatis (2 STs) based on the present strain collection, possibly reflecting a more ancient evolutionary emergence and/or a more rapid diversification.
The results of this study call into question the expectation of reciprocal monophyly of selectively neutral DNA to identify locally adapted subspecies because the stochastic processes responsible for these patterns do not account for the more rapid diversification in genes under selection.
However, we find firmer support for substantial rate variation within the southwest hotspot, with more rapid diversification in the semi-arid heaths and shrublands, compared to the high-rainfall forests.
Although Banksia species richness in the southwest is ten times that of the rest of the continent, we find little evidence for more rapid diversification in the southwest, although this result is inconclusive.
A key step in explaining the high botanical diversity of Mediterranean hotspots is demonstrating whether this diversity has arisen as a result of more rapid diversification in these regions, compared to elsewhere, and if so, whether this is the result of a higher rate of speciation or a lower rate of extinction [ 4].
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For example, squirrels (Sciuridae [ 32]), cats (Felidae [ 78]), rabbits and hares (Leporidae [ 79]), deer (Cervidae [ 80]) and woodpeckers (Picinae [ 81]) each show one or more episodes of rapid diversification that are roughly contemporaneous with one or both of those observed in mustelids.
On the basis of his observations he also proposed a new evolutionary model of pheasant ancestry, involving a period of rapid diversification followed by more typical and gradual changes.
It is necessary to test these hypothetical rapid diversification events using more rigorous model-based diversification analysis methods.
However, there can be no basis for assuming that diversification in Hakea and other genera has been more rapid in the hotspot region, until comparisons of diversification rates across the hotspot boundaries, similar to those we have presented here, are made.
It is quite possible that this combined action of gene flow and selection may have a more general role in driving instances of rapid diversification (Seehausen, 2004).
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