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A Group (lower-, higher-SPS) by Condition (WCST, EFCST) by Sorting Rule (color, form, number) interaction was expected in which the higher-SPS EFCST group would have worse overall performance and make more perseverative errors than the other groups.
Patients, particularly those who made more perseverative errors, demonstrated amphetamine-associated improvement on WCST performance.
The instrument has been shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe damage; people with frontal lobe damage tend to make more perseverative errors.
This task demands cognitive flexibility and strategies to deal with the environmental contingence (Nyhus and Barceló 2009), and the extra-frontal lesion group needed more cards to complete the task, as well as making many more perseverative errors.
On the other hand, AN patients committed more perseverative errors demonstrating more cognitive rigidity.
Post hoc analysis revealed that DMS lesioned rats made significantly more perseverative errors than controls (p < 0.01) (Fig. 6C).
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After controlling for these compared to controls marijuana-using participants made significantly more perseverative and total errors on the WCST and showed significantly impaired (e.g., less adaptive) response allocation to the changing reinforcement contingencies on the concurrent-reinforcement task.
The SHRs were found to have more perseverative and regressive errors than the control strains (p < 0.001).
Post-hoc tests of multiple comparisons revealed that the SHR rats had significantly more perseverative and regressive errors compared with control strains (p < 0.01).
We hypothesised that, similarly to AN patients, BED patients might also exhibit a pathological but different pattern of cognition in the following way: BED patients would exhibit more errors in the decision-making task, more non-perseverative errors in the set-shifting domain and poorer central coherence than AN patients.
Vermal CE+ patients presented a more severe deficit (perseverations: -1.78 SD, perseverative errors: -1.76 SD, errors: -1.18 SD and conceptual responses: -1.16 SD below normal mean).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com