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In the last year, police have recorded 32% more stalking offences and more perpetrators are now being prosecuted.
Whilst victims may be selected at random, women who are perceived to be 'promiscuous', those who become very drunk in public and those seen as 'snobbish' (rejecting the sexual advances of one or more perpetrators) are vulnerable to becoming victims.
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Multiple perpetrator rape (MPR), that is sex coerced by two or more perpetrators, is highly prevalent in South Africa [ 1, 2].
Indeed, her annual report shows more victims and perpetrators are being identified each year.
Although we have no data to support this, it is possible that men and women use different strategies when they force female partners to have sex; men may be more likely to apply force or cause more damage when they force sex whereas women perpetrators are more likely to use emotional or other non-physical means of force.
With regard to injury suffered, more women perpetrators were themselves injured (30.7%) than their victims (13.6%) in violent incidences reported in both surveys.
Male perpetrators are more likely to be held accountable and criminalised, and their crimes are more likely to be seen as linked to their ethnicity if they are poor, Black or men of colour (Russo 2001).
Federal prosecutors flatly say that the hate perpetrators are more likely to be convicted and get stiff sentences in state court.
Elizabeth Evenson, associate director of Human Rights Watch's International Justice program, says jurisdiction limits create "a double standard in terms of which victims can access justice and which perpetrators are more likely to be brought to justice".
In a limited body of research, it has been suggested that female perpetrators are more likely to suffer from mental health difficulties, especially anxiety and depression [ 20, 21].
The level of dehumanization is such that when transgender people are attacked in hate crimes, the perpetrators are much more likely to follow all the way through to murder.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com