Recently, Burnett et al. [19] updated this analysis in the framework of the GBD assessment by including more epidemiologic studies on ambient air pollution, more studies on passive smoking (assumed average PM2.5 concentration of 35 µg/m), and studies on household solid fuel combustion.
It said that this group was more exposed to passive smoking than any other group, principally in their own homes.
Based on the bibliography, more research in passive smoking that uses objective measures of evaluation is necessary.
30 Thus, prospective studies with more detailed assessment of passive smoking are needed to elucidate the association of passive smoking and breast cancer risk, especially in postmenopausal women.
Chinese medical students were more positive in stress control (OR > 1) and more passive in limiting their smoking and alcohol behaviors compared to medical students in Duke University.
The adjusted means of DFT and DT were 4.5 and 1.8, respectively, among those in households with 7.0 or more pack-years of passive smoking (P for trend < 0.0001). 1 Adjustment for sex, age, region of residence, toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoride, sugar intake, and paternal and maternal educational level. 2 Number of cigarettes smoked in the household per day.
Similarly, in Estonia, for those with more than 5 h of passive smoking exposure per day outside the home (ie, more than 35 h/week), the risk of physician-diagnosed chronic bronchitis or emphysema was 1.54 (1.13 to 3.00).
A study conducted in Hong Kong found that male police officers exposed to passive smoking for more than a year had 1.36 times more consultations with doctors due to respiratory problems during the previous 14 days and 1.79 times more medication use due to respiratory problems than those not exposed [ 27].
"Even children who are exposed to passive smoking are more likely to develop lung conditions such as asthma or chronic bronchitis," he added.
