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The late-glacial forests may have had a more open canopy than today's.
Overall species richness was highest in the spruce and ash pre-thicket stands, and in the mature spruce stands with a more open canopy.
The almost complete absence of leaf litter, understory vegetation and woody debris and the more open canopy may be responsible for the depauperate herpetofauna in OP.
Restored sites provided breeding habitat for woodland generalists and early-successional species of conservation concern; however, managed landscapes with more open canopy and herbaceous ground cover may be required for species more indicative of open savannas.
It can be concluded that roadside hedges and copse with a high tree species diversity, a high proportion of deciduous and mixed forest, and a more open canopy play an important role for conservation management of silvicolous small mammals and improve their habitat connectivity.
Overall, our results suggest that young jack pine may not be as resilient to high severity fires as previously thought and that a large area of burned boreal forest may be at risk of conversion from a closed canopy forest to a more open canopy woodland ecosystem given the predicted changes in fire regime.
Similar(41)
Invertebrate richness was higher in patches under closed canopies than under more open canopies, presumably due to the higher input of leaf litter and/or lower evaporation.
The density of the epedaphic and partly herbivorous groups Symphypleona/Neelipleona and Entomobryidae in the 120-year-old stands significantly exceeded that in the 30-year-old stands; presumably, this was due to the well developed herb layer in the 120-year-old stands with more open canopies.
Generally, in temperate Europe poor site conditions have more open canopies and thus contain more species at lower productivity.
However, the opposite would be expected in woodlands and savannas, with more open canopies resulting in more grass, high fire intensity and so less recruitment [67, 68].
In the case of mountain date palm, we found that more open canopies are associated with higher levels of flowering and fruiting (Mandle and Ticktin 2012).
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