This suggests that butterflies that have a more diverse host plant use are more geographically widespread than butterflies with more narrow host plant use.
The analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers indicate that Asecodes lucens is not one generalist species but at least three species with a more narrow host use.
For example, molecular evidence may reveal that some "generalist" parasitoid species are actually made up of multiple cryptic species with more narrow host specializations than previously recognized [ 15, 39, 40].
Among these families; GH28, GH78 showed the same tendency as that found for GH18 in that broad host-range species possess more genes than narrow host-range species including O. polyrhachis-furcata.
Brooks and McLennan [ 4] hypothesized that the chance of colonizing new host species, that is, host switching, and the subsequent speciation are inversely related to the degree of host specificity, which supposes that cospeciation and intrahost speciation are more frequent in parasites having a narrow host range.
Pests with a narrow host range are clearly more dependent on agro-ecosystems; however, agricultural practice can have substantial impacts on the populations of polyphagous pests [ 1, 2].
In contrast to the closely related Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), which is highly similar to DCV in terms of viral morphology, genome size, and gene arrangement and which infects hosts in several insect orders [3], [4], the known host range of DCV is much more narrow [2].
Within this genus, the anther-smut fungi of plants in the Caryophyllaceae, consist of many recognized and cryptic species, most possessing a very narrow host range, although some are more generalist [ 2].
These differences partially explain that because of the narrow host plant range of H. assulta, more detoxification enzymes would help them increase the food detoxification and utilization efficiency.
Frankia sp. strain HFPCcI3 (Ccis) is a narrow host range Casuarina isolate, F. alni strain ACN14a (ACN) is a more cosmopolitan Alnus isolate, and Frankia sp. strain EaN1pec (EAN) is a broad host range strain, isolated from Elaeagnus [ 2].
Genetic analyses suggest that many supposedly generalist parasitoid species should rather be defined as multiple species with a more narrow diet, reducing the probability that such species may mediate indirect interactions such as apparent competition among hosts.
