At a 90% threshold value, for example, families of size 20 with 18 or more mutants were excluded, and families of size 30 with 27 or more mutants were excluded.
In the case of Renilla, new red-shifted and more stable mutants with an emission peak at 535 or 547 nm have been produced by site directed mutagenesis [7], but dual color imaging still remains difficult to perform in part due to the relative low quantum efficiency of CCD cameras below 500 nm (30%), where the native enzyme shows the peak of emission.
In this study, we analyzed the BR-related phenotypes of cp3 grown from the CS48 seeds obtained from ABRC to have more natural mutants with similar morphologies to known bri1 mutants, although the phenotypic strength of bri1-120 is relatively weak compared to other bri1 mutants, such as bri1-5 or bri1-9.
We have generated an array of viral vectors with variants of ChR2 and re-evaluated this issue using both the enhanced ChR2 mutant (H134R) [11] and a more recent mutant with enhanced Ca2+ permeability termed Ca2+ translocating channelrhodopsin (CatCh) [12].
Consistent with this, H+ inhibition would become more apparent for mutants with left shifted pH activation as seen in Figure 7B for T157C (see also Supplementary Figure S5).
Furthermore, because we discovered mutants with more pronounced translation defects and applied this set of novel and more quantitative biochemical assays designed to interrogate each step in the initiation pathway, we could dissect the specific mechanistic role of loop 3 to a much greater depth.
Chand et al. (2005) reported generation of cellulase producing fungal mutants with more CMCase and filter paper cellulase production by simultaneous treatments with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), ethidium bromide and UV or NTG combined with ethidium bromide.
Next, the team recorded the electrical output of mutant and wild-type neurons and found that the mutants, with more and larger spines, also had about a 2.5 times increase in the frequency of electrical activity, suggesting that this abnormal synaptic transmission is due to an increase in the number of synapses.
Acylation of HA of influenza A virus is essential for virus replication, since (depending on the virus strain) either virus mutants with more than one acylation site deleted show drastically impaired growth or could not be created at all by reverse genetics (Chen et al., 2005; Wagner et al., 2005; Zurcher et al., 1994).
The NCBI collection of avian sequences had 2 out of 5991 (0.03%) mutants with more than a single mutation, while in the Ottenby collection the same type of mutants was found in 4 out of 230 (1.74%) isolates.
