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As the name implies, such models contains a combination of items to measure the causes and effects of two or more latent constructs and are diagrammatically represented by combining two or more of the four basic measurement models.
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In some cases, these latent structures are hierarchical, for example, when a general construct is thought to be the effect of a series of more specifically defined latent constructs and content-specific items (see Figure 2) [ 22].
Our method could easily be adapted for the extraction of a more comprehensive set of latent constructs had such measures been available.
They also indicate that the items in this version, and perhaps other long versions, are not sufficient to define robust latent constructs: more items with high loadings should increase the stability of the factor solutions recovered across different study samples (we thank an anonymous referee for distinguishing these two suggestions).
Hair et al. (2010) have suggested a minimum sample of 100 for a model with five or less latent constructs and more than three items in each latent construct [ 10].
Preliminary analyses next examined whether constructs could be represented by one or more latent variables, which are unmeasured factors or constructs that are estimated via two or more observed variables.
In contrast to our hypothesis, associations between items of opposite affective valence with L-shaped bivariate distributions and between latent constructs measuring opposite affective valence did not become more negative when estimated by polychoric instead of product-moment correlations.
Yet racism, though now in a more latent state, still survives.
Table 2 shows the correlations between the latent constructs.
SEM applies a confirmatory factor analysis to estimate latent constructs.
Thus, the analyses confirmed high construct validities of all latent constructs.
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