We also examined cell invasiveness using Boyden chambers and confirmed that FOXM1 overexpression engendered a more invasive phenotype, whereas invasion was decreased by FOXM1 reduction.
For example, in situations where α3β1 is making a strong contribution to the maintenance of stable cell cell junctions, blocking its function might result in a more invasive phenotype rather than reduced invasion.
In concordance with our previous data, A12FL and A12Mut showed a significant increase in cell invasion compared to LacZ, with A12FL demonstrating a slightly more invasive phenotype over A12Mut.
This growth pattern was altered when SK-TRβ cells were inoculated into hypothyroid mice, since tumors acquired a more invasive phenotype with a significant increase in the number of invasion fronts.
Interestingly, silencing ROR1 leads to an increase in Wnt5a and ROR2 expression, supporting a more invasive phenotype of melanoma cells.
ERG expression alone in PC-3 cells imparted upon these cells a more invasive phenotype.
For example, syndecan-1 regulates the activation state of αvβ3 integrin potentially as a way for breast carcinoma cells to acquire a more invasive phenotype [44], [45].
These cell lines have previously been described as the Basal B subgroup and known to have higher expression of mesenchymal markers, as well as certain stem cell-like properties and a more invasive phenotype [36].
Moreover in pancreatic cancer cells TGFβ treatment caused an epithelial-mesenchymal transition that was associated with a more invasive phenotype and with the activation of ERK-signaling cascade[54].
Our data indicate that ERβ knockdown in ER positive cells confers a more invasive phenotype, increases anchorage independent proliferation and elevates the constitutive activation of EGFR-coupled signal transduction pathways.
Further, our data suggests that acquisition of a more invasive phenotype in melanoma requires both relative down-regulation of developmental and lineage-specific pigmentation genes partnered with up-regulation of genes likely to mediate interaction with the extracellular microenvironment of the tumour.
