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Females, on the other hand, tend to exhibit more internalising disorders compared to girls without ADHD [ 73, 74, 78, 80] and to their male counterparts [ 80].
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In general, children seem to be better informants in describing internalising disorders, and adults (parents, teachers) more reliably describe externalising disorders [ 83].
Maternal depression increased diagnoses of externalising and internalising disorders, but a substantial portion of these associations was explained by increased risk factor exposure (41% for externalising and 37% for internalising disorders).
It is noteworthy that risk factors only showed associations with externalising and not internalising disorders.
However, in adolescence there was a shift into predominately internalising disorders, viz.
The same study also found the prevalence of internalising disorders to be more than twice that of externalising disorders, in contrast to studies in the West which showed externalising disorders to be either as common as or in excess of internalising disorders [ 8- 10].
A low exercise capacity can be translated into more internalising problems.
The dysfunction group was significantly more likely to have experienced more internalising (anxiety/depression) symptoms.
Our data show a need for knowledge about internalising disorders among adolescents, and that it can relatively easily be met.
This paper focuses on the overall presence of disorder (i.e. any DSM-IV disorder), externalising disorders (the combination of conduct, oppositional defiant and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders) and internalising disorders (the combination of depressive and anxiety disorders).
Adolescents with higher Somatic, Anxious/Depressed and Withdrawn (components of Internalising Disorders) were at greater risk of experiencing neck pain or back pain in isolation.
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