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We conducted a pilot study [ 39] in each provincial region to test questionnaires and to determine a working definition of pesticide exposure to distinguish between environmental (which includes bystander and incidental) and more intensive exposure.
School-age children residing in schistosomiasis high-prevalence regions in Egypt displayed higher baseline levels of plasma IL-10 than children in low-prevalence regions (mean ≥ 80 versus 20 pg/mL, respectively), perhaps because of more intensive exposure to worm excretory secretory products, 42 whereas the differences in circulating IFN-γ baseline levels were less striking.
Based on the statistical analysis of pilot study data, it was decided that the most efficient definition of pesticide exposure, which discriminated (a) between incidental, bystander, and environmental exposure as compared with more intensive exposure and (b) between cases and controls, was a cumulative exposure = 10 hrs/year to any combination of pesticides.
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Poultry workers were expected to have the highest level of exposure to avian H5N1virus and more intensive poultry exposure was associated with having anti-H5N1 antibody [ 11].
There were several potential reasons for that, such as high poultry density could raise the infection risk of poultry with avian influenza H5N1 [ 12], and more intensive poultry exposure was associated with having anti-H5N1 antibody for poultry workers [ 11].
As in many intervention studies, one cannot rule out that the early positive intervention effect seen in the VIPI group at T2 was merely due to the overall more intensive treatment exposure experienced by the VIPI families in comparison to the TAU families, since the VIPI group received the VIPI intervention in addition to TAU.
The additive effect of these mechanisms, more intensive and prolonged exposure to platinum in the setting of defective double-strand break repair, may explain why tumour cells with low expression of BRCA1 will be more sensitive to IP chemotherapy.
It shows a significant effect only in participants 65 years old or above, who may be exposed for a prolonged period of time, with a more intensive pattern of exposure and whose pulmonary defence mechanisms may be impaired or debilitated.
The study consisted of two parts: i) the diary study in which participants were asked to complete a daily diary for six months while exposure was assessed based on a central site measurements and ii) the intensive week measurements during which, for each subject, more intensive health and exposure measurements were conducted.
The inverse association of menarcheal age with increased breast cancer risk is thought to be resultant of a longer exposure to estrogens during a women's reproductive life [ 2] but may also reflect early pubertal years characterized by more intensive and increased exposure to estrogen [ 27, 28].
Maternal smoking is more likely associated with intensive exposure to tobacco smoke than paternal smoking (Jaakkola and Jaakkola 2002).
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