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This effectively tested the hypothesis of equal distributions of three or more independent samples.
We conducted non-parametric tests using the Mann-Whitney test for two independent samples, Kruskal-Wallis test for three or more independent samples, and Fisher's test (chi-square test) for qualitative data.
Non-parametric data were examined using Mann-Whitney U or Kruskal-Wallis tests for 2 or more independent samples, respectively.
As the same chromosomal regions are identified by more and more independent samples, however, the likelihood that such identification is due to stochastic differences in haplotype frequencies that are unrelated to phenotype declines sharply.
Differences between groups were analysed using the variance test [51], [52], where each data point is subtracted from its sample mean to give a value between 0 180°and then this value was compared to those of the other groups using a linear Kruskal-Wallis test in the case of 3 or more independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test in the case of 2 independent samples.
Values represent means ± standard deviation of three or more independent samples.
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The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is a statistical test which is used to compare means of two or more independent normal samples.
All experiments were performed with three or more independent tissue samples.
Significant variations in flow trends were assessed using the Cuzick test [ 39], a Wilcoxon-type test for trend across a group of three or more independent random samples, in which the assumptions are that i) the data must be at least ordinal and ii) groups must be selected in a meaningful order (i.e. ordered).
14 To help address this issue, comparisons that apply identical methods to two or more independent databases sampling from the same underlying patient population are useful.
To refine our understanding of these associations we sought to replicate these findings in a large more extensive independent sample set of 11 populations of European origin.
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