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Given the similar and repetitive structure of the liver parenchyma within and between patients, the detected heterogeneities in normal liver parenchyma can partly explain the survival of normal tissue in regions receiving a substantially higher mean absorbed dose than could be tolerated with more homogeneous dose distributions resulting from external radiation techniques.
A lower HI value means a more homogeneous dose distribution in the target volume.
The uniformity of dose delivery will more closely mimic a much higher, more homogeneous dose of EBRT.
The pattern for inhaled Am and Cm oxides are more like radon, since the particles are soluble with rapid clearance and provide a more homogeneous dose pattern.
As an arc-based approach to the delivery of IMRT, VMAT can deliver a more homogeneous dose to the target volume with a greater degree of freedom of intensity modulation.
HT provided a more homogeneous dose distribution in the PTV105 (16.7% vs. 40.5%; P = 0.00), but no significant difference in terms of the HI (1.06 vs. 1.07; P = 0.25).
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The absorbed dose is then a combination between heterogeneous absorbed dose distribution from the very short-ranged AE and the more homogeneous absorbed dose distribution from the more long-ranged CE, and about 38% of the mean absorbed dose originates from the follicle itself.
The high-energy β particles emitted by 131I, with a range of up to 2.1 mm in water [[24]], contribute to a cross-fire effect with contributions from eight surrounding layers of follicles, which results in a more homogeneous absorbed dose distribution, and only about 11% of the mean absorbed dose originates from the follicle itself.
Instead of delivery of radiation to the cells seeded on titanium discs, cells were irradiated in suspension before they were seeded which could avoid scattering of radiation from titanium and ensure more homogeneous and accurate dose of radiation [ 22, 23].
In postoperative WPRT for endometrial cancer, VMAT-S provided more homogeneous PTV coverage and superior sparing of OARs in high radiation dose regions than IMRT, without significantly increasing the integral dose delivered to OARs; however, a greater volume of normal tissue was found to receive doses of <20 Gy.
In addition, more homogeneous PTV coverage and superior sparing of OARs in the medium to high dose region were observed in the VMAT-S relative to the IMRT plan.
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