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More highly substituted carbocations are more stable (3° > 2° > 1°); therefore, more highly substituted alcohols undergo dehydration more readily than less highly substituted alcohols (3° > 2° > 1°).
(The more highly substituted end of the double bond is the one that is bonded to more carbon atoms).
In most cases, water adds in the direction that places the new hydroxyl group on the more highly substituted end of the double bond according to the Markovnikov rule, as in acid-catalyzed hydrations.
(The more highly substituted end of the double bond is the one that is bonded to more carbon atoms.) Hydroboration-oxidation is also useful for adding water across the double bond of an alkene; however, hydroboration-oxidation gives an anti-Markovnikov orientation of the addition product, with the hydroxyl group adding to the less-substituted end of the double bond.
Also it was observed that the more highly substituted adsorbents exhibited higher affinity for proteins.
Although the mechanisms by which the eight carbon chain PFAAs interfere with mitochondrial bioenergetics are fairly well described, the activities of the more highly substituted or shorter chain PFAAs are far less well characterized.
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Earlier, Sani and Banerjee [ 16] indicated that dyes with simple structures and low molecular weights have higher rates of dye decolorization, whereas dye decolorization was more difficult with highly substituted and high molecular weight dyes.
If more than one alkene can be formed in a dehydration, the major product is usually the product with the most highly substituted double bond (Saytzeff's rule).
As examples, highly substituted spirobenzophenanthridin-6 5H -ones spirobenzophenanthridin-6 5H -ones.
Chitin dihexanoate (DHCH) is the novel biocompatible and technologically friendly highly substituted chitin diester.
These are the consequence of associative behaviour due to hydrophobic interactions involving highly substituted units.
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