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Hackett et al. [29] recover Pelecanoides as even more highly nested within Procellariiformes, as the sister taxon to Puffinus.
Molar shape would suggest that cetaceamorphans from †Ambulocetus through more highly nested taxa were carnivorous due to the presence of narrow talonids on m2 (character 364, state 1) and of tall protoconids on m1 (358, state 1; here technically †Pakicetus and more highly nested taxa due to missing data).
Reconstructing auditory function from osteology, we would infer that the presence of a pachyostotic bulla (character 59, state 1) in †Indohyus, and all more highly nested cetaceamorphans (Figure 3A), potentially indicates an even more derived state of underwater hearing than that which developed in the common ancestor of Cetancodonta.
This is the sum of the row and column indexes of all of the matrix elements A ij that are filled: D = ∑ A i j > 0 (i + j ) (4 ) Manhattan distance is lower in more highly nested networks, since rows and columns can be shuffled so that many of the elements appear in upper-left positions where row and column indices are low.
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This discordance is most severe for highly nested nodes corresponding to more recent (i.e., Jurassic-Recent) divergences.
We evaluate whether mutualistic networks are more nested than comensalistic and antagonistic networks, and whether highly nested, host-epiphyte comensalistic networks fit the prediction of high robustness against disturbance.
The matrix in Fig. 3a is highly nested.
Avian assemblages exhibited a highly nested structure and, with several notable exceptions, assemblages of birds in low-richness fragments were predictable subsets of those in more diverse fragments.
Begonia sykakiengii and B. merrilliana belong to the same clade as each other, highly nested within Begonia sect.
The five networks (displayed in Additional file 2) were all highly connected (0.76 ± 0.10) and highly nested (0.80 ± 2.07) compared to random expectations, and all displayed similar structure.
Epiphyte-host tree networks were highly nested, independently of the metric used (table 1).
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