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The second insight comes from the finding that we are all more genetically different from each other than we realized even a few years ago.
In most species there is some level of population differentiation (i.e., individuals from geographically distant areas are more genetically different than those from the same location), and in this case standing levels of genetic variation within a local population give estimates of the effective population size summed across all subpopulations of the species (Charlesworth and Charlesworth 2010).
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Since Termitomyces species do not regulate the precise number of nuclei per cell [ 15], we inferred that mycelia of Termitomyces might consist of more than two genetically different nuclei.
For example, the unrelated fungi cultivated by leaf-cutting ants, also lack mechanisms to restrict the number of nuclei per cell to two, and have multinucleate cells (and apparently sometimes more than two genetically different nuclei per cell; [ 39]).
Although we did not detect a clear differentiation between FI-67 and the other populations in the present study, other studies (X.-R. Wang, personal communication) (Chen et al. 2012) have shown that populations above 65°N are genetically different from more southerly Scandinavian populations.
In other words, populations sharing the same exact haplogroups or their mutual absence are considered more genetically similar than populations with different haplogroups.
A key question which arises when we study genetic factors in this unique population infected from a single source, is how do our findings extrapolate to more genetically heterogeneous populations infected with different genotypes.
It refers to the process in which two or more genetically and phenotypically diverse populations with different allele frequencies mate and form a new, mixed or 'hybrid' population [ 1, 2].
Individuals who are mosaic have two or more populations of somatic cells that are genetically different.
In contrast to the latter observations, however, all heterokaryons examined in this study always consisted of two genetically different nuclei, and never more than two.
"The question is are they genetically different or is there something more than that.
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