The mean neutrality index in protein domains was significantly higher than non-domain regions (analysis of variance: p = 0.0030; both distributions were normally distributed after log2 transformation) indicating more frequent adaptive evolution in non-domain regions, which is consistent with the interpretation of the MK tests on pooled domain and non-domain codons.
Levels of synonymous diversity (πs) are reduced in protein-coding genes with high rates of amino-acid evolution (Ka) in D. miranda (R = -0.265, p < = 0.01, rank correlation test; Figure 1), as expected if fast evolving proteins undergo more frequent adaptive evolution.
These numbers are in a proportion of 2.8 1, suggesting that accelerated evolution was about three times more frequent than decelerated evolution in the evolution of four Saccharomyces species.
In this same period, reforms reducing the extent of regulations concerning EPL, wage setting, and working time became more frequent, confirming the evolution of reform priorities as the consequences of the crisis unfolded and the need to enhance the capacity of labour market adjustment became more pressing.
As opposed to de novo gene evolution, duplication is by far the more frequent mechanism used by evolution to generate novel genes.
Domain duplication and shuffling by recombination and fusion, followed by divergence are the more frequent mechanisms for the evolution of proteins [ 1].
Even though horse evolution has received the lion's share of the publicity, the record of rhinos, tapirs, and brontotheres is also excellent, and each deserves more frequent mention as exemplars of evolution to replace the overused examples of horse evolution.
The outbreak of H7N9 is more and more frequent, which implies that H7N9 evolution is speeding up.
True de novo formation of a gene out of hitherto neutrally evolving DNA is considered to be rare (Levine et al. 2006), but de novo evolution might be more frequent as expected (Neme and Tautz 2013).
Domains have been frequently duplicated and shuffled within genomes, during evolution, with fusions being more frequent and generally occurring at N or C termini [ 65].
