Yet, we found that individuals with sleep complaints were heavier, older, more frequently manual workers or retired, and more depressed, and those with sleep apnea were additionally more frequently men, current smokers, more frequent alcohol users, and those who exercised regularly less frequently, a finding in general agreement with earlier reports (2– 5, 10, 12, 29).
Table 1 shows that individuals with more frequent complaints of sleep apnea, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness were older, heavier, more frequently manual workers/retired, and more depressed, and those with sleep apnea were additionally more frequently men, current smokers, more frequent alcohol users, and those who exercised regularly less frequently.
Girls with symptoms of anxiety and depression reported more frequent alcohol intoxications.
Girls with high scores of depressive and anxiety symptoms reported more frequent alcohol intoxications compared to girls with few symptoms.
Adults and youth with an ethnic Norwegian background reported more frequent alcohol drinking than immigrants with a background from Iran, Turkey and Pakistan.
Adults and youth of ethnic Norwegian background reported more frequent alcohol use than immigrants with backgrounds from Iran, Turkey and Pakistan.
In our previous studies on alcohol-preferring AA (Alko alcohol) and nonpreferring ANA (Alko nonalcohol) rats, we have observed that the AA rats exhibit lower endogenous levels of corticosterone, higher testosterone levels, and more frequent alcohol-induced testosterone elevations when compared with ANA rats.
Also, it affects SUD prognosis: ADHD is associated with both earlier and more frequent alcohol-related relapses (Ercan et al. 2003) and lower likelihood of cannabis treatment completion (White et al. 2004).
The phenomenon that ethnic minorities have more frequent reported alcohol intake than Han majority has been demonstrated in other studies [ 38, 39].
However, there was a tendency toward more frequent smoking, alcohol usage, and physical activity in long sleepers (≥10 h) compared with other sleep duration groups.
Women with more frequent current alcohol use e.g. drinking on five or more days per week (aOR 3.2; 95% CI 1.9 to 5.4) and women who currently drink higher amounts of alcohol e.g. drinking seven or more drinks in a day (aOR 2.7; 95% CI 1.6 to 4.8) were more likely to intend to drink alcohol in a future pregnancy.
