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The phylogenetic position of M. luminyensis and " Ca. M. intestinalis" among soil and sediment methanogens suggests a more recent adaptation or more facultative association to GIT conditions.
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Less understood are the functions of more transient or facultative bacterial communities that invariably reside within animal guts, which could contribute to the diet diversification of the host [1], [2], [3], [8].
Lectins have been suggested to be more important in facultative phagocytes than the committed population [ 16].
It is intriguing to speculate that Z-DNA could be more detrimental to facultative organisms perhaps due to interference with effective regulation of a diverse ensemble of metabolic pathways related to the ability to grow in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Hence, constitutive heterochromatin is often viewed as a more static structure than facultative heterochromatin.
In any case, the finding that hep1 deletion strongly affects secondary metabolism in F. graminearum supports a more general role for facultative heterochromatin in fungal secondary metabolism.
However, the organisms investigated here do not show the same trend, instead obligate symbionts harboured more IS elements than facultative symbionts.
While these interactions are clearly of importance, more fundamental features of facultative endosymbioses are poorly understood and frequently overlooked, including metabolic exchanges and the mitigation of host fitness costs.
While a H. defensa PCR fragment was amplified using conserved rDNA primers, sequencing of this fragment revealed more similarity to Arsenophonus, another facultative endosymbiont not found in either our 454 or reduced representation libraries.
This indicates the more bow-tie structure in facultative groups.
The adaptation is clearly understandable for D. pigrum that, as a facultative anaerobe, may more easily thrive under low-oxygen conditions.
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