Two other, more extreme weight gain patters were identified and all three groups increased significantly more compared to the control group not developing T2D.
Given that there was no association with more extreme weight changes, and previous observational research has reported that divorce is associated with increased physical fitness in men [ 8], we hypothesize that divorce may be linked to increased motivation for physical fitness or the use of exercise to mitigate stress, and that the moderate gain is due to an increase in muscle mass.
From a public health perspective, they should receive more attention, since it seems preferable to prevent further weight gain in this (large) group than to treat more extreme excess weight that has already entailed adverse health effects.
If these changes become more extreme in terms of weight loss or gain, it could be an indication of depression.
These survey-quality and design-efficiency measures include: coefficients of variation in weights, where a larger coefficient of variation in weights means more extreme adjustment is needed for the sample to match the population benchmark; design effects, which are ratios of variance of estimates of a sampling method compared with a simple random sampling design.
In a previous study using data from the Bavarian school entry examinations [6], we observed that risk factors for overweight are associated with stronger effects on higher BMI percentiles than on average BMI values, suggesting that incremental exposure to those risk factors would primarily result in more extreme values of BMI or body weight.
8 10 This finding may be unsurprising as the ethnic-specific cut-off typically classifies the more extreme infants as SGA (lower birth weight).
Other weight-loss operations are more extreme and involve cutting or stapling the stomach and rearranging the small intestine.
Effects were more extreme with less sleep: for a 15 kg weight gain, Hazard Ratios (HRs) were 1.28 and 1.10 for ≤5 and 6 h, respectively.
It would be valuable to use objective monitoring to investigate whether individuals with more extreme growth restriction, such as those born with very or extremely low birth weight actually are less active than their normal-weight peers.
