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Boys showed more externalizing behavioral problems including attention deficit, hyperactivity, and offensive behaviors (Kim and Doh 2001; Kim et al. 2009).
Persons with a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder were compared to people with other diagnoses because the former were expected to use more Externalizing Behavioral Strategies than the latter [ 58, 59].
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In a recent systematic review, there was no evidence that children and adolescents with migraine at referral to a specialist had more signs of anxiety and depression, had more attention problems or exhibited more externalizing behavior than healthy children[31].
The relevant Externalization T-score cutoff was 60, with higher scores indicating more externalizing behavior.
Psychosocial functioning in boys and girls is generally similar, but more externalizing behaviors have been identified in boys [ 16].
These findings may reflect that boys in general display more externalizing behavior (Costello et al. 2003) and are more self-confident than girls (Birndorf et al. 2005).
Moreover, it was shown that the deviancy training in the 'mixed' group condition accounted for more externalizing behavior at post-treatment.
Thus children with higher levels of FR-EXT showed more externalizing behaviors, as did children with higher levels of parental rejection and overprotection.
With regard to sex differences, boys were reported to have significantly more problem behaviors than girls on all factors, except for dysregulation and inhibition, consistent with the finding that boys show more externalizing behaviors [ 18].
Girls' externalizing behavior may be more context-specific than boys' in that girls may show more externalizing behavior at home than in preschool compared to what might be characteristic of boys' behavior.
In this issue of EHP, Braun et al. (2009) report that the concentration of bisphenol A (BPA) in maternal urine from early pregnancy is associated with female offspring having more externalizing behavior.
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