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The Osteichthyes alone, the class of the bony fishes, comprises more extant species than all of the mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians combined.
Two reasons may account for this: (1) given the low proportion of most of the ranges sampled in our analysis many more extant lineages may have remained unsampled; (2) many species that are currently considered of restricted range are poorly known and their ranges might be wider.
The term crown clade refers to a node-based clade originating with the last common ancestor of two or more extant species or organisms [ 13].
This result contrasts with that for the original supertree, where the lineages-through-time plot was virtually straight [ 87] and only a handful of lineages possessed more extant descendants than expected for their age [ 1].
This is in part due to the limited number of species (and in some cases, even individuals within species) in these more extant clades, but it also highlights an overall popular interest in angiosperms.
Incomplete taxon sampling can give the appearance of nodes near the root of the tree giving rise to more extant descendants than nodes near the tips and are therefore more likely to be included in a small random sample (a bias toward more nodes closer to the root of the tree) [ 71, 72].
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Among the more important extant Mandaean writings are: the Ginza (Book of Adam), a cosmological treatise; the Book of John, describing the activities of John the Baptist; the Book of the Zodiac, a collection of magical and astrological texts; and the Baptism of Hibil Ziwa, describing the purification of the heavenly saviour of the Mandaeans.
Thus, the importance of plasticity at a given fossil locality may be subordinate to these other factors; indeed, in our more limited extant study, plasticity accounts for 5 19 % of trait variation, although this is probably an underestimate (see earlier discussion).
Alternatively,the substantial genetic distances that separate the currently described NA OPXV species could indicate that many more undescribed extant OPXV/NA OPXV species may be circulating among wild animals in North America.
The consequences of missing data for phylogenetic inference were first studied in the context of integrating fossil taxa, in which there are typically large subsets of missing morphological data, with more complete extant taxa [ 34- 37].
ChM PV4802 is more like extant odontocetes than other Oligocene taxa we sampled in having extreme polydonty, probable homodonty (dentition is not completely preserved), near absence of the parietals from the skull roof, and development of a fossa on the palatine for the pterygoid sinus.
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