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The activist considers an engagement successful if the target sufficiently adjusted its policy on one or more ex ante ESG factors.
The addition of the scaling factor gives higher weight to combinations with more ex ante positive observations so that the contribution to the sum of squares would be smaller in gene unit combinations that have fewer expressed cells.
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Natural resources important to economic systems are managed in the presence of event uncertainty, marking the transition from a more desirable ex ante state to a less desirable ex post state.
More frequent ex ante intervention by the executive branch, facilitated by the recent grant of postgrant review authority in the America Invents Act, would avoid these problems without precluding ex post development and adaptation.
Unitization tends to be more acceptable ex ante (before production begins) when competitors are behind a veil of ignorance about how rich their own portion of the resource may prove to be.
Under standard assumptions, there is always more current consumption under ex ante prioritarianism than under utilitarianism.
Willful breach triggers extra resentment for what underlies it-for all the other bad things that the breaching party likely did, or, more basically, for the ex ante choice he made to engage in such pattern of behavior Thus, when the party is caught in the act of willful breach, he is punished not merely for this act, but for the (probabilistically) inferred mesh of bad conduct.
The ex post system provides more information and thus results in more accurate screening than does the ex ante system, but it also may deter risk-averse applicants from making country-specific investments that benefit the host country.
By contrast, borrowers are more likely to comply with contracts with tighter capital covenants, suggesting that these covenants more effectively align shareholder-creditor interests ex ante to avoid adverse selection problems.
When official forecasts are especially optimistic relative to private forecasts ex ante, they are more likely also to be over-optimistic relative to realizations ex post.
These syndicate-level risk-mitigating measures work jointly well and are more effective, ex-ante, at moderating tax-specific risks in comparison to maintenance-based covenant structures alone.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com