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However, an extensive research is still required for the development of new and more efficient pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic feedstocks yielding promising results.
Future trends for costs reduction should include more efficient pretreatment of biomass, improvement of specific activity and productivity of cellulases, improvement of recombinant microorganisms for a greater assimilation of all the sugars released during the pretreatment and hydrolysis processes, and further development of co-generation system.
Hence, more efficient pretreatment remains a key challenge in cellulosic bioethanol research.
The knowledge garnered will assist the design of more efficient pretreatment methods for biogas production in the future.
By answering these questions, insights to develop more efficient pretreatment processes and less recalcitrant substrates will be provided.
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Among the leading pretreatment technologies, dilute acid pretreatment has long been recognized as one of the more efficient pretreatments for producing materials that are more accessible to cellulase enzymes [ 6- 8].
Thus, significant research efforts have been applied to decrease enzyme costs, to develop more efficient pretreatments and to understand the chemical and structural changes taking place as a consequence of different pretreatment technologies [ 1, 7- 9].
In this study, both sub-factors reacted oppositely to changes in pretreatment time and temperature (results not shown), meaning that, as the solid-liquid separation gets somewhat more efficient when pretreatment conditions change, the same changes cause the remaining liquid phase to need more NaOH per volume to set the pH to 5.
This necessitates further research into more efficient thermal pretreatment technologies.
Using PCT, important outstanding questions in the area of recalcitrance and deconstruction of biomass can be clarified, which will provide new insights to obtain more efficient substrates and pretreatment processes.
Compared with dilute acid-alone pretreatment, the dilute acid/Fe2+ ion pretreatment was more efficient in releasing sugars from FP and CL, showing enhancement of 28%to32%2%, for glucose and cellobiose released during pretreatment.
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