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LbL nanoparticle delivery of designed peptides to DC resulted in potent cross-presentation to CD8+ T-cells and more efficient presentation to CD4+ T-cells compared to presentation of soluble peptide.
An important functionality of the GM-CSF domain may simply involve targeting of the vaccine to dendritic cells to promote more efficient presentation of the antigenic domain.
Our data suggest that more efficient presentation of very low levels of persistent antigens by activated DCs is responsible for the activation of persistent-antigen specific CD4+ T cells during HIV replication.
This suggests that the class II HLA molecules enclosed by this haplotype have better specificity of binding HPV antigens and are also expressed at a higher level as compared to other alleles, and carriers may therefore benefit from a more efficient presentation of peptides from the causative agent of cervical cancer, HPV.
This points to a key role of TNT in a faster and more efficient presentation of antigens, in particular at the immunological synapse (Groothuis et al. 2005; Williams et al. 2007) (Fig. 4), defined as a highly specialized interface between immune cells (Norcross 1984; Paul and Seder 1994).
We propose that HIV-1 driven activation of DCs results in more efficient presentation of herpes viral antigens, resulting in enhanced activation of herpes-virus specific CD4+ T cells, thereby providing a scenario which would account for HIV-1-associated activation of non-HIV-specific CD4+ T cells.
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This may be related to a more efficient antigen presentation in vivo, potentially due to distinct inflammatory stimulation milieu.
The fusion of 16E7SH to the Zera® peptide was found to enhance the immune responses, presumably by means of a more efficient antigen presentation via the protein bodies.
This function is accomplished through coordinated upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules (e.g. CD40 and B7 family), resulting in much more efficient antigen presentation [ 8].
Also for the mouse OVA model, it has been shown that a higher protein concentration resulted in a more efficient cross-presentation to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells [ 32, 33].
By stimulating the magnocellular system preferentially, the peripheral presentation of a related-to-danger stimulus would be more efficient than central presentation to activate a subcortical neuronal network able to quickly identify the potential danger coming from the periphery.
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