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At the same time, (I) more effective purifying selection in relatively small populations of nonrecombining mitochondria as compared to large populations of recombining proteobacteria was unexpected.
The free-living protebacteria are characterized by higher population size and higher recombination level, and thus one may expect that they are subject to more effective purifying selection as compared to obligate intracellular species [ 21, 18].
At the same time, more effective purifying selection in relatively small populations of asexual mitochondria as compared to large populations of sexual proteobacteria was unexpected since it contradicts the common theory.
Assuming SI8 30 sites are the least constrained class, the slower X evolution observed at these sites suggests either that these positions are weakly constrained, with more effective purifying selection on the X, or that the rate of mutation is lower on the X chromosome.
Although two of four K r /K c values demonstrate more effective purifying selection in mammalian mitochondria as compared to bacteria, it seems likely, that the K r /K c values in general are less sensitive to the variations in the purifying selection between species.
As the SFS is comparable between X and autosomes for each sequence class (table 1; the same holds for preferred, unpreferred, and neutral synonymous polymorphisms; not shown), the reduced sequence polymorphism on the X is not readily attributable to more effective purifying selection.
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The lower dN/dS ratio is likely caused by a large effective population size for a common ancestor of the human-Neanderthal-mtAncestor-1 mtDNA lineages which results in more efficient purifying selection.
Since effective population size is nearer to the lower values than the higher values in the cases of fluctuating population sizes [37], the viral load data are consistent with the genetic evidence of more efficient purifying selection in severe disease.
Many stated that they believed that the filter was more effective and advantageous in purifying water than traditionally boiled or chemically treated methods.
At the same time, the C. thermocellum cellulase complex is substantially more effective during microbial hydrolysis than purified cellulase preparations from this microorganism [ 22].
This is expected if most segregating nonsynonymous mutations are slightly deleterious, as is suggested by their negative values of Tajima's D (Table 4), because purifying selection is more effective at removing deleterious mutations when Ne is large.
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