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The boats were manned by brothers, uncles, cousins, and more distant kin, their blood ties a bond against the petty thieves and extortionists of the waterfront.
The extended family may include more distant kin, but the uncles, aunts, or cousins usually belong to the same clan as members of the core lineage.
But the closest relative to human pubic lice is not found in chimps, but rather gorillas, which are more distant kin from humans.
Thus, older groups will have more matrilines which have lost their matriarchs or other adult females that had served as connections between dyads of more distant kin.
Additionally, the presence or absence of the most recent maternal common ancestor of all matriline members (i.e., the matriarch) may play a significant role in the degree to which more distant kin affiliate with one another.
Although cooperation evolves similarly regardless of whether dependent young are close or more distant kin, it does not evolve if they are unrelated.
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In rhesus macaques, the presentation of coo calls, a vocalization uttered in prosocial contexts, elicited a stronger response in close maternal kin compared to more distant maternal kin or maternally unrelated females (Rendall et al. 1996).
Females aid kin in fights more than non-kin, and close kin are helped more frequently than distant kin [23], [37], producing a kin bias in female alliances that is important in the maintenance of matrilineal rank [12], [41].
Generically unpleasant events and events potentially resulting in interpersonal conflicts were recalled as occurring in the more distant past when involving kin than involving non-kin.
Long before Homo erectus, Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy, more than three million years ago) and several other distant kin, scientists are reporting today, there lived a primitive hominid species in what is now Ethiopia about 5.5 million to 5.8 million years ago.
Since none of our very closest relatives survive (except as little bits in us), researchers have to rely on our next closest kin, chimpanzees and bonobos, and our somewhat more distant cousins — gorillas and orangutans — to perform live experiments.
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