It is also important that questionnaires and other indirect exposure measurements be validated against more direct measures (e.g., biologic or environmental monitoring).
Examples of these include measures of oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen saturation, base deficit and lactate, end-tidal carbon dioxide, gastric tonometry, and more direct measures of peripheral tissue perfusion such as subcutaneous electrode oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements and near infrared spectroscopy.
The critics would like to see more direct measures of personality traits, and so would Dr. Schmitt.
Finally, we consider alternative fMRI techniques using exogenous contrast agents, arterial spin labeling, and more direct measures of neural activation.
There is certainly a loss of precision by using site quality as a surrogate for more direct measures of persistence.
More direct measures would be to improve the science of turbulence prediction and to find better meteorological algorithms for forecasting such incidents.
Since the 1970s, nighttime fatal crashes have been used as a surrogate measure for alcohol-related fatalities for crashes for which more direct measures were absent.
Simulation practice evaluation has evolved from self-reports of indirect measures such as learner satisfaction and confidence to more direct measures of learning and performance improvement.
The Senate, which is unlikely to pass its version of the deal until next year, should explore more direct measures, like banning banks beyond a certain size, measured by their liabilities.
He points out that the market for gold is surprisingly small, so that it would take only a relatively small number of extra buyers to push the price way up, even when other, more direct measures of expected inflation remain low.
Some countries are taking more direct measures.
