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To examine a more direct marker of tissue inflammation we quantified ICAM-1 as it will be expressed by the vascular endothelium where leukocytes will bind ICAM-1 on the endothelial surface and transmigrate across the vascular endothelial and into tissues during the inflammatory process [ 40, 41].
TREM-1 amplifies infection-induced inflammatory response signals primarily through the mediation of adapter protein DAP12 on the cell surface [ 47]. sTREM-1, as the soluble form of TREM-1, released by activated phagocytes, may be a more "direct" marker of infection.
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Alternative, more direct markers of cardiac function may perform better.
Despite the difficulties outlined previously, several studies have attempted to evaluate the link between atopy and more direct markers of microbial exposure and/or infection.
Given the strong correlations of the number of siblings and risks for specific cancers, some of which are new, further investigations of more direct markers of exposure are warranted.
The major weakness of our study is the lack of availability of more direct markers of environmental exposures, including smoking habits, number and type of infections, females' hormones, anthropometric measures and serological data.
In contrast to preferably cell-type specific surface markers, the use of Hoechst-dye to identify and isolate CSCs as a so called side population (SP) overcomes the barrier of phenotypical markers and replaces it by more direct functional markers [ 47].
Coding sequences are generally more informative than anonymous markers because they allow for a more direct association between the molecular marker and the phenotype.
More direct methods based on DNA markers [ 10- 13] and saturated genetic maps or, preferentially, consensus maps of the species are needed to overcome these issues.
However, these two parameters are more indicative of disease severity rather than a direct marker of anti-TNFα effect.
The heterogeneity of breast cancer challenges the search for further prognostic markers that will provide a more direct measure of the disease's metastatic potential.
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