Therefore, denser beads would be less porous, and it would be more difficult for substrate diffusion to go through the beads.
With the larger substrates β-endorphin and amyloid β peptide the extended binding interactions would be expected to make the conformational change needed for product release energetically more difficult than with small substrates.
Therefore, it appears reasonable to assume that the activation barrier of this reductive elimination is increased with more electron-deficient substrates, as the substrate is more difficult to oxidize.
In negative cooperativity, the binding of a molecule to the first subunit makes more difficult the binding of substrate to the second.
Among them, Tyr-147, Tyr337 and Trp-377 are solvent-exposed, but Trp-105 and Tyr-285 are buried into the protein (Supplementary Figure S3) making their interaction with the dye substrate more difficult.
Compared with β-glucan, PASC contains a higher degree of polymerization and crystallization, rendering this substrate more difficult to degrade by BGL and EG. Indeed, fermentation with PASC yielded apparently lower rates of ethanol production than those seen upon fermentation with β-glucan.
Therefore, the hydrolysis of highly polymerized substrates by enzymes integrated into the yeast cell wall is more difficult than hydrolysis of small substrates [ 25, 38].
Interestingly, we found that TfCel5A active site could only partly rebalance its conformational dynamics upon substrate dissociation within the same simulation time, which implies that the conformational rebalance upon substrate dissociation is likely more difficult than the conformational selection upon substrate binding at least in the view of the time required.
The resulted hard supported phospholipid bilayers (SPBs) were thus more difficult to detach from the substrate to form vesicles.
Although the cylinder nanorod can lead to a nETR that is twice than that in the square nanorod, the fabrication of the cylinder nanorod on the substrate is much more difficult.
