At the beginning, the experimental horses made more correct choices at the first attempt, although they took more time to find the carrot.
When tested as a group, the birds tended to make more correct choices than expected by chance (one-sample t-test: T = 2.505, df = 4, P = 0.066) but not for each cue type separately (one-sample t-tests: proximal: T = 0.975, df = 4, P = 0.385; distal: T = 1.365, df = 4, P = 0.244).
Importantly, the individual performances were also analyzed statistically with binomial tests (according to the binomial distribution, 5 errors out of 20 trials result in a p-value of 0.041, so a subject can be reported as relying on the pointing gesture over chance if it achieved 15 or more correct choices).
(Staff or staff up would be the more politically correct choices nowadays).
Note that some questions have more than one correct choice; answers are at the end. 1.
The argument went that the ability to fell animals with stone-tipped weapons translated, millennia later, into more correct answers on multiple-choice questions about equations.
A recent study by Adam Bear and Paul Bloom at Yale University entitled "A Simple Task Uncovers a Postdictive Illusion of Choice" found that when people were faced with split second decisions their brains took credit for making a correct choice far more frequently than was statistically possible.
It is clear that the outcome of the previous trial has a strong effect on decision-making: mice are much more likely to make a correct choice if they are cued to switch arms after failing to receive reward (82 ± 14% correct) or return to the same arm after receiving reward (72 ± 18% correct; mean response across encoding and retrieval conditions, baseline trials only).
As will be explained, it is quite possible for an editor to choose correctly by selecting the less common word more often than not, thereby satisfying DLP (P2>0.5), and yet lose much more information than would be lost in making decisions by coin toss (c≤0.5 bits/word because, in sum, incorrect choices lost more information than correct choices gained), implying P1<0.5 and thus contradicting DLP.
