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Mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes of 20 Down syndrome (DS) patients with regular trisomy 21 contain more condensed chromatin surface (11.28 ± 2.64%% of the total nuclear surface: mean ± SD) and more nucleolus organiser regions surface (13.21 ± 3.45 %) than that of 12 healthy controls: (8.84 ± 2.23 and 9.12 ± 2.33 %, reciprocally).
Rather, H3K9me3 may serve to create a more condensed chromatin structure that can inhibit inappropriate homologous recombination between different highly related ZNF genes.
Methylated regions of DNA are associated with chromatin remodeling, generally occurring in areas of more condensed chromatin and decreased transcriptional activity [1], [2].
Lineage-restricted cells generally have more condensed chromatin architecture than pluripotent stem cells which employ unique histone modifications to regulate the balance between pluripotency and differentiation [35].
In contrast, lineage-restricted PE cells (Gata6 positive, arrows in Figure 4B) and TE cells (Cdx2 positive, arrows in Figure 4C) revealed a more condensed chromatin architecture (arrowheads, Figure 4B,C).
This suggested presence of more condensed chromatin in normal prostate tissue compared to tumor.
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These configurations can be visualized in HeLa cells stably expressing histones H2B fused to EYFP (HeLa-H2B-EYFP) [27], where higher and lower EYFP fluorescence intensity areas indicate more and less condensed chromatin regions, respectively [28] [30].
But with gradual increase in incubation time (6 h, 16 h, and 20 h) few membrane blebbing and more condensed and fragmented chromatin were observed in most of the cells; at concentrations 200 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL, even presence of necrotic cell was observed with deep orange nucleus which might be due to toxicity with higher dose.
Contrary to this cell line, in HL-60 cells, DAC alone or in combination, induced a population with high H2DCFDA fluorescence intensity, and multicolor staining showed that this population is identical with the population of cells with depolarized mitochondrial membrane and condensed chromatin (more intensive Hoechst staining).
On the other hand, chromatin bridges also generated micronuclei in the same cells (indicated by the arrows), and here chromatin was more condensed compared to the main nucleus even after the completion of mitosis (Fig. 8A).
In addition, there were one or more round central clumps of condensed chromatin, indicative of nucleoli, together with occasional smaller accumulations (Figure 1g).
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