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Wound drain use and multiple surgeries are likely surrogates for more complex injuries, particularly more complex wounds.
In addition to these measures of glycemia, this study also used the HOMA-IR index, a measure of insulin resistance derived from fasting levels of glucose and insulin and a physiologically-based model [ 29], which is an effective, easily-derived surrogate for the more complex euglycemic clamp [ 30].
Because it is generally not possible to assign effects of ambient air pollution to specific single pollutants, we considered PM as a surrogate measure of a more complex mixture.
In some cases, these surrogate models are not able to represent more complex equipment.
Both CAIX and VEGF are VHL/HIF downstream targets, but unlike CAIX, which is a surrogate indicator for VHL status, VEGF regulation is much more complex.
With cancer patients now living longer and receiving more complex neoadjuvant therapies, there is a growing need to develop imaging methods to act as surrogate endpoints to replace the more traditional endpoints of morbidity or mortality.
In order to exclude more complex stochastic processes, we compared the correlation dimension for each dataset with the values obtained from surrogate data.
For the majority (61%) of non-accepted surrogates, the discussion considered economic evidence in the form of a model or cost-effectiveness results – suggesting a more complex consideration of a product's value (OR for economic evidence with a non-accepted versus accepted surrogates: 4.1; p = 0.007, Table 3).
We also caution that Landscape Function Analysis derives surrogates of very basic functional attributes which may not be sufficiently sensitive to accurately reflect more complex ecological functions such as habitat provision for wildlife.
Reality is more complex.
Bankruptcy is more complex.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com