While early scaffold designs have been essentially homogenous, new solid freeform fabrication (SFF) processes enable the fabrication of more complex, biologically inspired heterogeneous designs with controlled spatial distributions of growth factors and scaffold microstructures.
By slightly modifying the fabrication process, more complex structures simulating diseased artery phantoms can be fabricated [ 78].
The phantom provides a viable alternative to existing phantoms that are significantly more complex and require high precision fabrication.
As the fields of engineering and biology continue to merge, the in vitro fabrication of more complex biological structures is becoming a reality.
MEMS devices such as acceleration sensors, pressure sensors, and optical scanners are only components of more complex devices, and therefore their fabrication must involve inexpensive processes to be cost-effective.
On the contrary, we introduced many pulsed arsenization steps at different substrate temperatures, opening the possibility for the fabrication of more complex GaAs nanostructures.
Using 2D catalyst templates with multiple thicknesses, the fabrication of more complex 3D nanostructures was also achieved by a folding process that combines rotational and translational motion [9].
These particular features make possible to consider QDs as building blocks for the fabrication of more complex structures, such as solid-state artificial molecules, case in which coupled QDs act similar to coupled atoms in a natural molecule [4 6].
Recently, LDE of nanoholes with depth above 100 nm was demonstrated [10] by increasing the droplet material coverage θ and process temperature T. Such deep holes would allow the self-aligned fabrication of more complex coupled quantum structures stacked into a single hole.
And consequently, the verification of the designs and machine performances with known optimization methods prior fabrication are becoming more complex and expensive.
