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Notably, this topography-induced guidance effect was also observed in more complex cell culture systems, such as the organotypic culture whole dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants.
How human endothelial cells can be usefully incorporated into more complex cell culture models is presented as an example of how relevant questions in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine can be addressed.
However, while this is an intriguing possibility, further more complex cell biological studies would clearly be needed to provide direct evidence of this hypothesis.
We interpret all of these results as supporting the conclusion that IL-6 and IL-21 are insufficient, but they can interact with additional factors present in vivo, or in more complex cell mixtures in vitro, to drive Tfh differentiation.
Moreover, the effect of receptor drifting on the cell surface, the differential receptor recycling in different parts of the cell and more complex cell morphology can be considered to further develop the model.
As this effect was not observed in the artificial membrane systems this observation implies that either 3-oxo-C12 HSL acts to modify the more complex cell membrane which effects the interaction of additional levels of 3-oxo-C12 HSL or that there exists an as yet unidentified 3-oxo-C12 HSL receptor on the cell surface.
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The researchers said that more complex cells would present significant challenges.
Our aim is to highlight that non-classical TNFR-TNFL dyads such as the LT system demonstrate more complex, cell-type and context-specific capabilities.
"A lot of our collaborators are trying to make in vitro systems more reflective of real biology," which often requires using more complex cell-culture systems, says Carpenter, who is now leading a computational biology group at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From our group's experience building a whole-cell model of Mycoplasma genitalium, we identified several significant challenges to building models of more complex cells.
The third branch is eukaryotes, organisms with more complex cells that comprise the higher forms of life, up to humans.
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