The final option, institutional placement, is wrought with its own risk for pathological outcomes, e.g. compared to children in foster care institutionalized children show more cognitive delays (Nelson, Zeanah, Fox, Marshall, Smyke & Guthrie [ 9]), attachment disturbances (Smyke, Zeanah, Gleason, Drury, Fox, Nelson, Guthrie [ 10]) and developmental delays (Curtis, Alexander & Lunghofer [ 11]).
It includes students with specific learning disabilities (such as dyslexia and dysgraphia), hearing and vision impairments, emotional disabilities, autism and more severe cognitive delays.
Children with SLI seem to benefit more from speech therapy, whereas children with cognitive delay seem to benefit more from special education.
Thus, parents of children with language difficulties or cognitive delay reported more psychological difficulties in their children.
The risk of the child's cognitive delay varied even more by mother's level of education: from 5%to25%5% (Table 1).
We hypothesize that these differential neuronal mechanisms may reflect the distinction between motivational processes engaged through a core instrumental conditioning process triggered by direct receipt of primary rewards, such as juice, and a more cognitive process that helps to interpret delayed and symbolic rewards, such as money.
A post-hoc analysis with cognitive delay redefined (MDI score more than 1SD below the age-standardized mean) showed a significant difference favoring the liberal threshold group.
Children born after unintended pregnancy showed a cognitive delay at 3-years-old, more behavioral problems at 5- and 7-years-old, and increased problem behaviors and substance use at 14-years-old than their counterparts [ 9- 11].
Adverse outcomes are also common throughout childhood and include poor growth, neurosensory impairments such as cerebral palsy (CP) in up to10%% or more, and up to 50%% have behavioural problems, cognitive delay, or educational underachievement [ 5– 11].
Cognitive delay was defined by a test result more than -1 SD below the norm (that is to say, IQ ≤ 85).
