Overall, it is a safe model for the experienced surgeon, reduces suffering and numbers of experimental animals and serves as an excellent basis for testing the best materials in a more challenging animal model where mechanical properties play a role such as in critical sized bone defects of long, maxillofacial or cranial bone.
Tumor perfusion imaging requires good vascular access for prompt and reliable delivery of the imaging probe, and has therefore been more challenging in animal models; however, recent work using inhaled radionuclide agents hold promise for small animal research applications [ 47].
Due to limited equipment availability this is more challenging for large animals.
This is even more challenging when considering developing animals, as the emergence and refinement of coordinated actions contribute to the overall complexity of the assessed behaviour.
While such requisites can be met in conditional transgenic mice, genetic manipulations are more challenging in clinically relevant large animal models.
However, malformations that only involve the CNS are more challenging to diagnose in large animal practice, especially if the shape of the calvarium is normal.
They therefore do not require parallel spectral calibration measurements and are independent of the optical system, which makes them attractive for more challenging biological samples such as live animal models, for which the spectral properties can change in space and time.
As I grew more relaxed on the sled, and with the animals, I graduated to more challenging routes, leaning hard into turns through the trees.
By their very nature rare breeds have certain critical characteristics that make the improvement of animals within these breeds more challenging than may be the case in 'mainstream' breeds.
Therefore all animals were also tested in more challenging tests such as the symmetry of swimming, narrowing beam and horizontal ladder paradigms (Fig. 5B and C; see below).
