All studies reporting an increased risk, including the original study, found the increased risk in one or more certain subgroups of women studied, for example women with advanced disease [ 6], women aged less than 40 years [ 7], women aged less than 40 years with family history [ 8], women aged more than 55 years [ 9], and women also carrying other genetic polymorphisms [ 10].
Nevertheless, it is more common in certain subgroups in the population than in others.
In particular it is not possible to identify whether PTSD may be more prevalent in certain subgroups of patients with PE.
We tested in clinical practice for an effectiveness difference between bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), whether the combination improves effectiveness and whether either treatment might be more beneficial for certain subgroups of smokers.
Another limitation is the possibility of different phenotypes in osteoarthritis, 1 suggesting that strontium ranelate might be more effective in certain subgroups of osteoarthritis patients, for example, those with dominant subchondral bone changes.
Some significant differences in favor of DTG were more pronounced in certain subgroups (e.g. high viral load in FLAMINGO study for the primary endpoint or TRDF for high CD4+ cell count in SINGLE study) and, by corollary, attenuated in complementary subgroups (low viral load in FLAMINGO study or low CD4+ cell count in SINGLE study).
Our aim was to especially focus on outcomes that are relevant for clinicians who treat patients with chronic depression, such as the response to treatment, remission, quality of life, and acceptance of treatments (dropout), and to further examine whether the addition of psychotherapy to a pharmacological intervention is more effective in certain subgroups of patients (e.g. according to diagnosis).
It remains to be determined whether the observed treatment effects are consistent among specific high risk patient populations, such as patients with multivessel disease, diabetes, or left ventricular dysfunction, and it cannot be excluded that the advantages of coronary artery bypass grafting are more pronounced in certain subgroups of patients than observed on average in our analysis.
In our exploration of whether d,1-fenfluramine may be more effective in certain subgroups defined by genotypes, we observed an increased likelihood of quitting smoking associated with d,1-fenfluramine among those with one or two DRD3 glycine alleles in the long-term (RR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.6), but not among smokers without the glycine allele (RR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.6 1.8).
We also tested several interaction terms to assess whether differences in FEV1 decline with exercise were observed by sex, age, or severity of lung disease, more specifically to determine if certain subgroups would be more likely to benefit from exercise.
After studying the gene lists, we found that many of the predictive markers were indeed more sig-nificant in certain subgroups.
