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While antibodies to the immunodominant, but highly variable, regions of HA and NA can provide potent virus strain specific protection, the existence of weaker and more broadly protective immune activities directed to less variable regions of viral proteins has long been known (5).
In each case, the existing vaccines are helpful but better, more broadly protective vaccines would have a greater impact.
A more broadly protective murine vaccine was developed here by including more HAs from varying strains in the multivalent vaccine (Figs. 2 and 3).
Moreover, this immunodominant protein may be strategically used as reservoir for antigenic variability in a chlamydial decoy-like host immune evasion, as MOMP was found to block the binding of more broadly protective species-common pan-neutralizing antibodies, which have been suggested as potential alternatives for a chlamydial vaccine [17].
Furthermore, adjuvants may induce more broadly protective immune responses; the elicited antibodies were cross-reactive against heterologous H5N1 strains [ 46, 48].
Genome-wide studies that focus on genetic differences between cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva parasites will shed light on the genomic basis of vaccine evasion by the latter, and inform the design of more broadly protective vaccine preparations.
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These vaccines are more broadly cross-protective than the currently licensed influenza vaccines and do not need to be administered or updated almost every year.
The multidisciplinary work on VLP and nanoparticle immunogens is already yielding dividends for public health, but is also likely to result in safer, more potent and broadly protective vaccines against a wide variety of human and animal pathogens, as well as target host proteins of interest.
Having experienced Christianity as a powerful force for good in his own life (and by association religion more broadly), he is reluctant to erect protective barricades against its darker manifestations.
"It can be very tempting to think just of your institution and get very protective of it, as opposed to thinking more broadly," she said.
Taken together, these results suggest that a GLA-SE-adjuvanted influenza vaccine may elicit not only more durable but also more broadly reactive Abs that have the potential to extend the protective lifespan of the vaccine.
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