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The results showed significantly more bone ingrowth and bone contact in the HA than in the zirconia scaffolds.
The results showed that the chemistry and microporosity of HA promoted more bone ingrowth and bone contact than those of ZrO2 scaffolds in the human maxilla.
Microporous HA scaffolds revealed four times more bone ingrowth and seven times higher bone contact area compared to the ZrO2 scaffolds.
Nevertheless, one must stress that although many experiments concerning the in vivo studies of calcium orthophosphate coatings, films and layers have indicated a stronger and faster fixation, as well as more bone ingrowth at the interface, the clinical performance of such coatings, films and layers is still far from the perfection.
The histomorphometric analysis confirmed the qualitative analysis and showed more bone ingrowth inside the implanted material with Ostim® when compared to Alpha BSM ® at all time points.
Indeed, a retrieval study on this stem found that there was more bone ingrowth around stems with HA coating than around those without (Coathup et al. 2001).
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In addition, microCT scanning and histomorphology results proved that there was more new bone ingrowth in the PHp group than in the PLGA/nHA (PH) and control groups.
It is theorized that three-dimensional (3D -printed interbody cages using porous titanium material can provide more consistent bone ingrowth and biological fixation.
These materials differ in composition and physical properties from each other and from bone; and must be take in consideration for more efficient bone ingrowth at the expense of the biomaterials and to adapt to new development of dedicated biomaterials.
Specific biological advantages, which can be achieved from Chinese medicine, must include faster and more uniform bone ingrowth [ 3].
Thus, since one of the first steps in bonding involves dissolution of the coating surface, it might be suggested that coatings, films and layers prepared from less crystalline and/or more resorbable calcium orthophosphates would be more beneficial for early bone ingrowth than those prepared from high crystalline HA (Narayanan et al. 2010).
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