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Classifications based on molecular analyses now separate Caesalpinioideae into several lineages and recognize the tribe Cercideae as a separate and more basal group in the family.
The reconciliation came with the paleontological discovery that hippos seem to have evolved from a more basal group of mammals called anthracotheres, which are found as far back as the Eocene, and could be closely related to whales (Figure 6; Thewissen et al. 2009).
Between these populations, MY-MN appeared as the more basal group than MY-BG, which may suggest populations in Sumatra may have separated earlier than those in Sulawesi.
Recently, new data have challenged this interpretation, with an apparently more basal group, type 0, being identified in patients from China and New Caledonia [ 7].
AB and OV are representatives of two main evolutionary cichlid lineages (tribes) from East Africa, the modern haplochromines and the more basal group of the ectodines, respectively (see, e.g., Salzburger et al. 2002, 2005).
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One particular species-rich, monophyletic group of derived teleosts is the Euteleostei, currently ranked as one of the four subdivisions of the Teleostei, along with the more basal groups, Osteoglossomorpha, Elopomorpha, and Clupeomorpha [ 61- 65].
In order to study the evolution of arthropod opsins and infer the gene composition of the ancestral arthropod, it is necessary to compare arthropods to more basal groups such as onychophorans and tardigrades.
The lack of group II in members of the more basal plant groups suggests that the origin of the SROs lies within group I, and that group II represents a later development.
Interestingly, phylogenetic comparison between the complex clade and the more basal sister group corallimorpharia showed that the average nucleotide difference of cox1 was only 13.6%, which is considerably lower than the 21.3% average difference found between robust corals and corallimorpharia.
We were unable to extend our alignment to more basal embryophyte groups, such as mosses and ferns, due to extreme sequence divergence.
It is important to remember, though, that the flight system of Drosophila, with its mesothoracic wings and metathoracic halteres, is a highly derived system compared with more basal insect groups.
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