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Moreover, isolates showing resistance to three or more antimicrobial subclass were considered as multidrug resistant.
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Over 95% of Shigella isolates were fully resistant to three or more antimicrobial drug subclasses, and 38% of isolates were resistant to five or more subclasses.
Over 95% of Shigella isolates in this study were resistant to three or more antimicrobial drug subclasses as defined by NARMS criteria and 38% of isolates were resistant to five or more.
The antimicrobial effects of different combinations of 2 or more antimicrobial agents were assessed using the checkerboard test [ 19].
Intensive farms tend to use more antimicrobials: opt for grass-fed or free range meat or eggs instead.
Antimicrobial agents were categorized into CLSI antimicrobial subclasses, and each isolate was assigned to >1 categories according to its antimicrobial resistance phenotype and the number of subclasses to which it was resistant (National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria [NARMS], pers. comm.; Table 1).
55% of patients received 2 or more antimicrobials in hospital.
Resistance to five or more antimicrobials was detected in 17 (25.4 %).
SNOMED CT® codes were used to classify antibiotics into antimicrobial classes (e.g. quinolone, cephalosporin), antimicrobial subclasses (e.g. first, second and third generation cephalosporins) and to standardise and review pre-existing conditions and treatments (e.g. free text records of gastric surgery were reviewed and those considered irrelevant, such as hernia repair, were removed).
No significant increase in reported treatment failure was seen between the use of two antimicrobials and three or more antimicrobials.
The debt of sans serif, more a subclass than a family, is apparent but less unequivocal.
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