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However, phylogenetic analyses clearly indicate more ancient speciation events associated with older families of TEs.
The number of surviving species in a lineage reflects the rate of speciation less extinctions that occur over time, i.e. more ancient speciation events are likely to leave fewer surviving species in the lineage than the more recent ones.
More ancient speciation events produced ancestors of larger clades with direct development, from genera or families all the way to the largest clades of the animal kingdom, such as Ecdysozoa and Chordata.
A fine-scale genetic study of common fungal species associated e.g. with Alnus glutinosa [ 15] in its glaciation refugia such as Spain, North Africa, Corsica, Balkans and Turkey, would help quantifying local host-dependent diversification processes in fungi, migration and interbreeding processes at a continental scale, and extrapolate them to more ancient speciation events.
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Several of these genes appear to be considerably more ancient than the teleost speciation events taken into account here.
Although a clear link between CSb fragmentation and migration and the successive speciation events has been demonstrated for other groups of animals [ 19- 21], the case of S. mediterranea is unique because a correlation between geological events and its distribution has not been linked to any speciation event, which implies a more ancient origin for S. mediterranea.
Phylogenetic analyses of the TPS gene family showed that while most VvTPS form species-specific gene clusters, there are several examples of gene orthology with TPS of other plant species, representing perhaps more ancient VvTPS, which have maintained functions independent of speciation.
Also consistent with gene conversion in the locus3 coding sequences were very low intralocus Ks values that would imply tandem duplication near the tomato-potato speciation time, which would be hard to reconcile with the more ancient relationships of their 5'-NCS to Petunia orthologues.
This finding indicates a dominant process of post-speciation gene duplications, although there are also examples of conserved TPS functions of a more ancient order.
In general, higher taxonomic levels reflect older speciation events and are expected to be associated with fixation of older families of TEs in more ancient subpopulations.
More ancient clusters have been identified.
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