Tobacco might induce additional genetic alterations leading to a more aggressive phenotype.
We hypothesized that molecular changes resulting in a more aggressive phenotype following androgen ablation treatments is responsible, in part, for the observed increase in cell tolerance to cryotherapy.
Considerable experimental and clinical evidence exists supporting the notion that hypoxia fundamentally alters the physiology of the tumor towards a more aggressive phenotype (Hockel and Vaupel, 2001).
c-erbB-2 amplification and/or overexpression occurs in 20% to 30% of breast cancers and appear to be associated with a more aggressive phenotype.
PPARδ activation promotes breast and prostate cancer cell growth [20] and a more aggressive phenotype [27].
A distinctive basal-like subtype of tumors, with a more aggressive phenotype, was derived from adiponectin haplodeficient MMTV-PyVT mice.
In addition, these molecules may identify a subset of tumors with a more primitive and possibly a more aggressive phenotype.
Besides, it was shown that the ability to reestablish tumour heterogeneity is not necessarily linked to the more aggressive phenotype.
The up-expression of AKT3 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines reveals that it may contribute to the more aggressive phenotype of androgen-independent prostate carcinomas [19].
Cancer results from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in which genomic instability conditions the progressive deterioration towards an ever more aggressive phenotype.
Overexpression of HER2 occurs in 20 30% of breast cancer tumours, and is linked to a more aggressive phenotype and a worse prognosis [3].
