Nevertheless, the observation suggested that baseline tissue MMP-2 levels might be a marker for more aggressive synovial inflammation.
Although a minor inflammatory process is present in OA synovial tissue, PsA patients demonstrate a more aggressive state of synovial tissue inflammation compared with OA patients, therefore elevation in DEFA1 may be a good indicator of PsA pathogenesis.
Clinical studies have reported an accelerated deterioration of the cognition in the AD patients affected by systemic infections [ 8, 9], and experimental studies demonstrated that systemic infection can switch the brain inflammation to a more aggressive phenotype, resulting in increased neurodegeneration [ 10, 11].
However, it is still unclear whether the tumor promotes inflammation or is rendered more aggressive by it.
Together these studies demonstrate that obesity could promote inflammation and the development of more aggressive, invasive breast cancer phenotypes and chemo- and endocrine resistant breast cancers.
These findings suggest that the use of more aggressive therapies to prevent urinary tract infections and to target inflammation once infection has occurred might help to reduce the incidence of these sequelae, including end-stage renal disease.
As the chemokine receptor CCR5 is over-expressed in more aggressive forms of prostate cancer, and is also a critical receptor in inflammation, chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonists could potentially act as anti-prostate cancer agents.
An alternative hypothesis is that the processes of breast involution that occurs following delivery, similar to wound healing where angiogenesis, inflammation and extracellular matrix alterations are activated, results in more aggressive breast cancer biology [ 48].
Short periods of ice application have been used during the later, sub-acute phase of inflammation to produce a similar analgesic effect, thus facilitating earlier and more aggressive therapeutic exercise after muscle injury [ 16, 17].
In some cases, severe inflammation, nerve affectation and necrosis, and substantial loss of corneal tissue may result, requiring more aggressive treatments, such as amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) or penetrating keratoplasty (PK) [2].
