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Other useful diagnostic ALS biomarkers have been described in more accessible tissues, such as blood or urine samples.
As it is impossible to measure molecular biomarkers in the brain, the use of more accessible tissues has been proposed, such as blood.
ES technology has allowed for very effective isolating and separating of poor enzymatically accessible or recalcitrant tissues F– from the more accessible tissues or fractions F+.
One approach is to use expression levels measured from more accessible tissues, such as blood, as a substitute to gain insight into gene regulation underlying brain-related traits such as psychiatric and neurological disorders [ 21- 25].
These findings highlight the potential of DISC1 protein aggregation and recruitment of binding partners as a biological mechanism in a subset of mental illness cases, and while the current study only analyzed post-mortem brain tissue, it highlights the possibility of DISC1 being a useful biomarker in future for diagnosis, particularly if these results were also noted in more accessible tissues.
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Through these methods it becomes possible to derive one kind of specialized cell (such as a brain cell) from another, more accessible, tissue (such as skin) in the same individual.
In the context of such high-throughput studies, instead of LCLs, one can use blood samples, a more accessible tissue than breast.
However, obtaining liver biopsies from living study subjects for research purposes is complicated by the risks related to the procedure, making the adipose tissue a more accessible tissue than liver in humans.
Subsequently this provides some justification for assessment of molecular changes within affected knee joints, that are a more accessible tissue site, as a viable approach for elucidating joint specific disease processes in SpA.
We note that the directional measurements could be applied to ex vivo biopsies of more accessible epithelial tissues such as skin and breast, where ECM remodeling also accompanies carcinogenesis.
PD biomarkers in relatively homogenous, more accessible normal tissues may offer an easier approach to establishing proof of drug mechanism and to make an early assessment of exposure response relationships.
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